Arrays

An array in PHP is actually an ordered map. A map is a type that associates values to keys. This type is optimized for several different uses; it can be treated as an array, list (vector), hash table (an implementation of a map), dictionary, collection, stack, queue, and probably more. As array values can be other arrays, trees and multidimensional arrays are also possible.

Explanation of those data structures is beyond the scope of this manual, but at least one example is provided for each of them. For more information, look towards the considerable literature that exists about this broad topic.

Syntax

Specifying with array()

An array can be created using the array() language construct. It takes any number of comma-separated key => value pairs as arguments.

array(
    key  => value,
    key2 => value2,
    key3 => value3,
    ...
)

The comma after the last array element is optional and can be omitted. This is usually done for single-line arrays, i.e. array(1, 2) is preferred over array(1, 2, ). For multi-line arrays on the other hand the trailing comma is commonly used, as it allows easier addition of new elements at the end.

Notă:

A short array syntax exists which replaces array() with [].

Example #1 A simple array

<?php
$array 
= array(
    
"foo" => "bar",
    
"bar" => "foo",
);

// Using the short array syntax
$array = [
    
"foo" => "bar",
    
"bar" => "foo",
];
?>

The key can either be an int or a string. The value can be of any type.

Additionally the following key casts will occur:

  • Strings containing valid decimal ints, unless the number is preceded by a + sign, will be cast to the int type. E.g. the key "8" will actually be stored under 8. On the other hand "08" will not be cast, as it isn't a valid decimal integer.
  • Floats are also cast to ints, which means that the fractional part will be truncated. E.g. the key 8.7 will actually be stored under 8.
  • Bools are cast to ints, too, i.e. the key true will actually be stored under 1 and the key false under 0.
  • Null will be cast to the empty string, i.e. the key null will actually be stored under "".
  • Arrays and objects can not be used as keys. Doing so will result in a warning: Illegal offset type.

If multiple elements in the array declaration use the same key, only the last one will be used as all others are overwritten.

Example #2 Type Casting and Overwriting example

<?php
$array 
= array(
    
1    => "a",
    
"1"  => "b",
    
1.5  => "c",
    
true => "d",
);
var_dump($array);
?>

Exemplul de mai sus va afișa:

array(1) {
  [1]=>
  string(1) "d"
}

As all the keys in the above example are cast to 1, the value will be overwritten on every new element and the last assigned value "d" is the only one left over.

PHP arrays can contain int and string keys at the same time as PHP does not distinguish between indexed and associative arrays.

Example #3 Mixed int and string keys

<?php
$array 
= array(
    
"foo" => "bar",
    
"bar" => "foo",
    
100   => -100,
    -
100  => 100,
);
var_dump($array);
?>

Exemplul de mai sus va afișa:

array(4) {
  ["foo"]=>
  string(3) "bar"
  ["bar"]=>
  string(3) "foo"
  [100]=>
  int(-100)
  [-100]=>
  int(100)
}

The key is optional. If it is not specified, PHP will use the increment of the largest previously used int key.

Example #4 Indexed arrays without key

<?php
$array 
= array("foo""bar""hello""world");
var_dump($array);
?>

Exemplul de mai sus va afișa:

array(4) {
  [0]=>
  string(3) "foo"
  [1]=>
  string(3) "bar"
  [2]=>
  string(5) "hello"
  [3]=>
  string(5) "world"
}

It is possible to specify the key only for some elements and leave it out for others:

Example #5 Keys not on all elements

<?php
$array 
= array(
         
"a",
         
"b",
    
=> "c",
         
"d",
);
var_dump($array);
?>

Exemplul de mai sus va afișa:

array(4) {
  [0]=>
  string(1) "a"
  [1]=>
  string(1) "b"
  [6]=>
  string(1) "c"
  [7]=>
  string(1) "d"
}

As you can see the last value "d" was assigned the key 7. This is because the largest integer key before that was 6.

Accessing array elements with square bracket syntax

Array elements can be accessed using the array[key] syntax.

Example #6 Accessing array elements

<?php
$array 
= array(
    
"foo" => "bar",
    
42    => 24,
    
"multi" => array(
         
"dimensional" => array(
             
"array" => "foo"
         
)
    )
);

var_dump($array["foo"]);
var_dump($array[42]);
var_dump($array["multi"]["dimensional"]["array"]);
?>

Exemplul de mai sus va afișa:

string(3) "bar"
int(24)
string(3) "foo"

Notă:

Both square brackets and curly braces can be used interchangeably for accessing array elements (e.g. $array[42] and $array{42} will both do the same thing in the example above).

Example #7 Array dereferencing

<?php
function getArray() {
    return array(
123);
}

$secondElement getArray()[1];

// or
list(, $secondElement) = getArray();
?>

Notă:

Attempting to access an array key which has not been defined is the same as accessing any other undefined variable: an E_NOTICE-level error message will be issued, and the result will be null.

Notă:

Array dereferencing a scalar value which is not a string yields null. Prior to PHP 7.4.0, that did not issue an error message. As of PHP 7.4.0, this issues E_NOTICE; as of PHP 8.0.0, this issues E_WARNING.

Creating/modifying with square bracket syntax

An existing array can be modified by explicitly setting values in it.

This is done by assigning values to the array, specifying the key in brackets. The key can also be omitted, resulting in an empty pair of brackets ([]).

$arr[key] = value;
$arr[] = value;
// key may be an int or string
// value may be any value of any type

If $arr doesn't exist yet, it will be created, so this is also an alternative way to create an array. This practice is however discouraged because if $arr already contains some value (e.g. string from request variable) then this value will stay in the place and [] may actually stand for string access operator. It is always better to initialize a variable by a direct assignment.

Notă: As of PHP 7.1.0, applying the empty index operator on a string throws a fatal error. Formerly, the string was silently converted to an array.

To change a certain value, assign a new value to that element using its key. To remove a key/value pair, call the unset() function on it.

<?php
$arr 
= array(=> 112 => 2);

$arr[] = 56;    // This is the same as $arr[13] = 56;
                // at this point of the script

$arr["x"] = 42// This adds a new element to
                // the array with key "x"
                
unset($arr[5]); // This removes the element from the array

unset($arr);    // This deletes the whole array
?>

Notă:

As mentioned above, if no key is specified, the maximum of the existing int indices is taken, and the new key will be that maximum value plus 1 (but at least 0). If no int indices exist yet, the key will be 0 (zero).

Note that the maximum integer key used for this need not currently exist in the array. It need only have existed in the array at some time since the last time the array was re-indexed. The following example illustrates:

<?php
// Create a simple array.
$array = array(12345);
print_r($array);

// Now delete every item, but leave the array itself intact:
foreach ($array as $i => $value) {
    unset(
$array[$i]);
}
print_r($array);

// Append an item (note that the new key is 5, instead of 0).
$array[] = 6;
print_r($array);

// Re-index:
$array array_values($array);
$array[] = 7;
print_r($array);
?>

Exemplul de mai sus va afișa:

Array
(
    [0] => 1
    [1] => 2
    [2] => 3
    [3] => 4
    [4] => 5
)
Array
(
)
Array
(
    [5] => 6
)
Array
(
    [0] => 6
    [1] => 7
)

Useful functions

There are quite a few useful functions for working with arrays. See the array functions section.

Notă:

The unset() function allows removing keys from an array. Be aware that the array will not be reindexed. If a true "remove and shift" behavior is desired, the array can be reindexed using the array_values() function.

<?php
$a 
= array(=> 'one'=> 'two'=> 'three');
unset(
$a[2]);
/* will produce an array that would have been defined as
   $a = array(1 => 'one', 3 => 'three');
   and NOT
   $a = array(1 => 'one', 2 =>'three');
*/

$b array_values($a);
// Now $b is array(0 => 'one', 1 =>'three')
?>

The foreach control structure exists specifically for arrays. It provides an easy way to traverse an array.

Array do's and don'ts

Why is $foo[bar] wrong?

Always use quotes around a string literal array index. For example, $foo['bar'] is correct, while $foo[bar] is not. But why? It is common to encounter this kind of syntax in old scripts:

<?php
$foo
[bar] = 'enemy';
echo 
$foo[bar];
// etc
?>

This is wrong, but it works. The reason is that this code has an undefined constant (bar) rather than a string ('bar' - notice the quotes). It works because PHP automatically converts a bare string (an unquoted string which does not correspond to any known symbol) into a string which contains the bare string. For instance, if there is no defined constant named bar, then PHP will substitute in the string 'bar' and use that.

Avertizare

The fallback to treat an undefined constant as bare string is deprecated as of PHP 7.2.0, and issues an error of level E_WARNING. Formerly, an error of level E_NOTICE has been issued.

Notă: This does not mean to always quote the key. Do not quote keys which are constants or variables, as this will prevent PHP from interpreting them.

<?php
error_reporting
(E_ALL);
ini_set('display_errors'true);
ini_set('html_errors'false);
// Simple array:
$array = array(12);
$count count($array);
for (
$i 0$i $count$i++) {
    echo 
"\nChecking $i: \n";
    echo 
"Bad: " $array['$i'] . "\n";
    echo 
"Good: " $array[$i] . "\n";
    echo 
"Bad: {$array['$i']}\n";
    echo 
"Good: {$array[$i]}\n";
}
?>

Exemplul de mai sus va afișa:

Checking 0: 
Notice: Undefined index:  $i in /path/to/script.html on line 9
Bad: 
Good: 1
Notice: Undefined index:  $i in /path/to/script.html on line 11
Bad: 
Good: 1

Checking 1: 
Notice: Undefined index:  $i in /path/to/script.html on line 9
Bad: 
Good: 2
Notice: Undefined index:  $i in /path/to/script.html on line 11
Bad: 
Good: 2

More examples to demonstrate this behaviour:

<?php
// Show all errors
error_reporting(E_ALL);

$arr = array('fruit' => 'apple''veggie' => 'carrot');

// Correct
print $arr['fruit'];  // apple
print $arr['veggie']; // carrot

// Incorrect.  This works but also throws a PHP error of level E_NOTICE because
// of an undefined constant named fruit
// 
// Notice: Use of undefined constant fruit - assumed 'fruit' in...
print $arr[fruit];    // apple

// This defines a constant to demonstrate what's going on.  The value 'veggie'
// is assigned to a constant named fruit.
define('fruit''veggie');

// Notice the difference now
print $arr['fruit'];  // apple
print $arr[fruit];    // carrot

// The following is okay, as it's inside a string. Constants are not looked for
// within strings, so no E_NOTICE occurs here
print "Hello $arr[fruit]";      // Hello apple

// With one exception: braces surrounding arrays within strings allows constants
// to be interpreted
print "Hello {$arr[fruit]}";    // Hello carrot
print "Hello {$arr['fruit']}";  // Hello apple

// This will not work, and will result in a parse error, such as:
// Parse error: parse error, expecting T_STRING' or T_VARIABLE' or T_NUM_STRING'
// This of course applies to using superglobals in strings as well
print "Hello $arr['fruit']";
print 
"Hello $_GET['foo']";

// Concatenation is another option
print "Hello " $arr['fruit']; // Hello apple
?>

When error_reporting is set to show E_NOTICE level errors (by setting it to E_ALL, for example), such uses will become immediately visible. By default, error_reporting is set not to show notices.

As stated in the syntax section, what's inside the square brackets ('[' and ']') must be an expression. This means that code like this works:

<?php
echo $arr[somefunc($bar)];
?>

This is an example of using a function return value as the array index. PHP also knows about constants:

<?php
$error_descriptions
[E_ERROR]   = "A fatal error has occurred";
$error_descriptions[E_WARNING] = "PHP issued a warning";
$error_descriptions[E_NOTICE]  = "This is just an informal notice";
?>

Note that E_ERROR is also a valid identifier, just like bar in the first example. But the last example is in fact the same as writing:

<?php
$error_descriptions
[1] = "A fatal error has occurred";
$error_descriptions[2] = "PHP issued a warning";
$error_descriptions[8] = "This is just an informal notice";
?>

because E_ERROR equals 1, etc.

So why is it bad then?

At some point in the future, the PHP team might want to add another constant or keyword, or a constant in other code may interfere. For example, it is already wrong to use the words empty and default this way, since they are reserved keywords.

Notă: To reiterate, inside a double-quoted string, it's valid to not surround array indexes with quotes so "$foo[bar]" is valid. See the above examples for details on why as well as the section on variable parsing in strings.

Converting to array

For any of the types int, float, string, bool and resource, converting a value to an array results in an array with a single element with index zero and the value of the scalar which was converted. In other words, (array)$scalarValue is exactly the same as array($scalarValue).

If an object is converted to an array, the result is an array whose elements are the object's properties. The keys are the member variable names, with a few notable exceptions: integer properties are unaccessible; private variables have the class name prepended to the variable name; protected variables have a '*' prepended to the variable name. These prepended values have null bytes on either side. This can result in some unexpected behaviour:

<?php

class {
    private 
$A// This will become '\0A\0A'
}

class 
extends {
    private 
$A// This will become '\0B\0A'
    
public $AA// This will become 'AA'
}

var_dump((array) new B());
?>

The above will appear to have two keys named 'AA', although one of them is actually named '\0A\0A'.

Converting null to an array results in an empty array.

Comparing

It is possible to compare arrays with the array_diff() function and with array operators.

Examples

The array type in PHP is very versatile. Here are some examples:

<?php
// This:
$a = array( 'color' => 'red',
            
'taste' => 'sweet',
            
'shape' => 'round',
            
'name'  => 'apple',
            
4        // key will be 0
          
);

$b = array('a''b''c');

// . . .is completely equivalent with this:
$a = array();
$a['color'] = 'red';
$a['taste'] = 'sweet';
$a['shape'] = 'round';
$a['name']  = 'apple';
$a[]        = 4;        // key will be 0

$b = array();
$b[] = 'a';
$b[] = 'b';
$b[] = 'c';

// After the above code is executed, $a will be the array
// array('color' => 'red', 'taste' => 'sweet', 'shape' => 'round', 
// 'name' => 'apple', 0 => 4), and $b will be the array 
// array(0 => 'a', 1 => 'b', 2 => 'c'), or simply array('a', 'b', 'c').
?>

Example #8 Using array()

<?php
// Array as (property-)map
$map = array( 'version'    => 4,
              
'OS'         => 'Linux',
              
'lang'       => 'english',
              
'short_tags' => true
            
);
            
// strictly numerical keys
$array = array( 7,
                
8,
                
0,
                
156,
                -
10
              
);
// this is the same as array(0 => 7, 1 => 8, ...)

$switching = array(         10// key = 0
                    
5    =>  6,
                    
3    =>  7
                    
'a'  =>  4,
                            
11// key = 6 (maximum of integer-indices was 5)
                    
'8'  =>  2// key = 8 (integer!)
                    
'02' => 77// key = '02'
                    
0    => 12  // the value 10 will be overwritten by 12
                  
);
                  
// empty array
$empty = array();         
?>

Example #9 Collection

<?php
$colors 
= array('red''blue''green''yellow');

foreach (
$colors as $color) {
    echo 
"Do you like $color?\n";
}

?>

Exemplul de mai sus va afișa:

Do you like red?
Do you like blue?
Do you like green?
Do you like yellow?

Changing the values of the array directly is possible by passing them by reference.

Example #10 Changing element in the loop

<?php
foreach ($colors as &$color) {
    
$color strtoupper($color);
}
unset(
$color); /* ensure that following writes to
$color will not modify the last array element */

print_r($colors);
?>

Exemplul de mai sus va afișa:

Array
(
    [0] => RED
    [1] => BLUE
    [2] => GREEN
    [3] => YELLOW
)

This example creates a one-based array.

Example #11 One-based index

<?php
$firstquarter  
= array(=> 'January''February''March');
print_r($firstquarter);
?>

Exemplul de mai sus va afișa:

Array 
(
    [1] => 'January'
    [2] => 'February'
    [3] => 'March'
)

Example #12 Filling an array

<?php
// fill an array with all items from a directory
$handle opendir('.');
while (
false !== ($file readdir($handle))) {
    
$files[] = $file;
}
closedir($handle); 
?>

Arrays are ordered. The order can be changed using various sorting functions. See the array functions section for more information. The count() function can be used to count the number of items in an array.

Example #13 Sorting an array

<?php
sort
($files);
print_r($files);
?>

Because the value of an array can be anything, it can also be another array. This enables the creation of recursive and multi-dimensional arrays.

Example #14 Recursive and multi-dimensional arrays

<?php
$fruits 
= array ( "fruits"  => array ( "a" => "orange",
                                       
"b" => "banana",
                                       
"c" => "apple"
                                     
),
                  
"numbers" => array ( 1,
                                       
2,
                                       
3,
                                       
4,
                                       
5,
                                       
6
                                     
),
                  
"holes"   => array (      "first",
                                       
=> "second",
                                            
"third"
                                     
)
                );

// Some examples to address values in the array above 
echo $fruits["holes"][5];    // prints "second"
echo $fruits["fruits"]["a"]; // prints "orange"
unset($fruits["holes"][0]);  // remove "first"

// Create a new multi-dimensional array
$juices["apple"]["green"] = "good"
?>

Array assignment always involves value copying. Use the reference operator to copy an array by reference.

<?php
$arr1 
= array(23);
$arr2 $arr1;
$arr2[] = 4// $arr2 is changed,
             // $arr1 is still array(2, 3)
             
$arr3 = &$arr1;
$arr3[] = 4// now $arr1 and $arr3 are the same
?>
add a note add a note

User Contributed Notes 20 notes

up
126
mlvljr
12 years ago
please note that when arrays are copied, the "reference status" of their members is preserved (http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.references.whatdo.php).
up
52
thomas tulinsky
8 years ago
I think your first, main example is needlessly confusing, very confusing to newbies:

$array = array(
    "foo" => "bar",
    "bar" => "foo",
);

It should be removed.

For newbies:
An array index can be any string value, even a value that is also a value in the array.
The value of array["foo"] is "bar".
The value of array["bar"] is "foo"

The following expressions are both true:
$array["foo"] == "bar"
$array["bar"] == "foo"
up
33
liberchen at gmail dot com
6 years ago
Since PHP 7.1, the string will not be converted to array automatically.

Below codes will fail:

$a=array();
$a['a']='';
$a['a']['b']=''; 
//Warning: Illegal string offset 'b'
//Warning: Cannot assign an empty string to a string offset

You have to change to as below:

$a=array();

$a['a']=array(); // Declare it is an array first
$a['a']['b']='';
up
59
jeff splat codedread splot com
18 years ago
Beware that if you're using strings as indices in the $_POST array, that periods are transformed into underscores:

<html>
<body>
<?php
    printf
("POST: "); print_r($_POST); printf("<br/>");
?>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>">
    <input type="hidden" name="Windows3.1" value="Sux">
    <input type="submit" value="Click" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Once you click on the button, the page displays the following:

POST: Array ( [Windows3_1] => Sux )
up
54
ken underscore yap atsign email dot com
16 years ago
"If you convert a NULL value to an array, you get an empty array."

This turns out to be a useful property. Say you have a search function that returns an array of values on success or NULL if nothing found.

<?php $values = search(...); ?>

Now you want to merge the array with another array. What do we do if $values is NULL? No problem:

<?php $combined = array_merge((array)$values, $other); ?>

Voila.
up
25
Yesterday php&#39;er
7 years ago
--- quote ---
Note:
Both square brackets and curly braces can be used interchangeably for accessing array elements
--- quote end ---

At least for php 5.4 and 5.6; if function returns an array, the curly brackets does not work directly accessing function result, eg. WillReturnArray(){1} . This will give "syntax error, unexpected '{' in...".
Personally I use only square brackets, expect for accessing single char in string. Old habits...
up
40
chris at ocportal dot com
10 years ago
Note that array value buckets are reference-safe, even through serialization.

<?php
$x
='initial';
$test=array('A'=>&$x,'B'=>&$x);
$test=unserialize(serialize($test));
$test['A']='changed';
echo
$test['B']; // Outputs "changed"
?>

This can be useful in some cases, for example saving RAM within complex structures.
up
40
ia [AT] zoznam [DOT] sk
18 years ago
Regarding the previous comment, beware of the fact that reference to the last value of the array remains stored in $value after the foreach:

<?php
foreach ( $arr as $key => &$value )
{
   
$value = 1;
}

// without next line you can get bad results...
//unset( $value );

$value = 159;
?>

Now the last element of $arr has the value of '159'. If we remove the comment in the unset() line, everything works as expected ($arr has all values of '1').

Bad results can also appear in nested foreach loops (the same reason as above).

So either unset $value after each foreach or better use the longer form:

<?php
foreach ( $arr as $key => $value )
{
   
$arr[ $key ] = 1;
}
?>
up
12
anisgazig at gmail dot com
5 years ago
//array keys are always integer and string data type and array values are all data type
//type casting and overwriting(data type of array key)
//----------------------------------------------------
$arr = array(
1=>"a",//int(1)
"3"=>"b",//int(3)
"08"=>"c",//string(2)"08"
"80"=>"d",//int(80)
"0"=>"e",//int(0)
"Hellow"=>"f",//string(6)"Hellow"
"10Hellow"=>"h",//string(8)"10Hellow"
1.5=>"j",//int(1.5)
"1.5"=>"k",//string(3)"1.5"
0.0=>"l",//int(0)
false=>"m",//int(false)
true=>"n",//int(true)
"true"=>"o",//string(4)"true"
"false"=>"p",//string(5)"false"
null=>"q",//string(0)""
NULL=>"r",//string(0)"" note null and NULL are same
"NULL"=>"s",//string(4)"NULL" ,,,In last element of multiline array,comma is better to used.
);
//check the data type name of key
foreach ($arr as $key => $value) {
var_dump($key);
echo "<br>";
}

//NOte :array and object data type in keys are Illegal ofset.......
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24
lars-phpcomments at ukmix dot net
18 years ago
Used to creating arrays like this in Perl?

@array = ("All", "A".."Z");

Looks like we need the range() function in PHP:

<?php
$array
= array_merge(array('All'), range('A', 'Z'));
?>

You don't need to array_merge if it's just one range:

<?php
$array
= range('A', 'Z');
?>
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22
caifara aaaat im dooaat be
18 years ago
[Editor's note: You can achieve what you're looking for by referencing $single, rather than copying it by value in your foreach statement. See http://php.net/foreach for more details.]

Don't know if this is known or not, but it did eat some of my time and maybe it won't eat your time now...

I tried to add something to a multidimensional array, but that didn't work at first, look at the code below to see what I mean:

<?php

$a1
= array( "a" => 0, "b" => 1 );
$a2 = array( "aa" => 00, "bb" => 11 );

$together = array( $a1, $a2 );

foreach(
$together as $single ) {
   
$single[ "c" ] = 3 ;
}

print_r( $together );
/* nothing changed result is:
Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [a] => 0
            [b] => 1
        )
    [1] => Array
        (
            [aa] => 0
            [bb] => 11
        )
) */

foreach( $together as $key => $value ) {
   
$together[$key]["c"] = 3 ;
}

print_r( $together );

/* now it works, this prints
Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [a] => 0
            [b] => 1
            [c] => 3
        )
    [1] => Array
        (
            [aa] => 0
            [bb] => 11
            [c] => 3
        )
)
*/

?>
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6
tissus
5 years ago
In array(key=>value) construct key is also an expression.
This works fine:
  $a = array(
    1     =>0,
    1+1   =>1,
    $k    =>2,
    $x.'4'=>3
  );
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2
dylanfj700 at gmail dot com
4 years ago
// Before php 5.4
$array = array(1,2,3);

// since php 5.4 , short syntax
$array = [1,2,3];

// I recommend using the short syntax if you have php version >= 5.4
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8
note dot php dot lorriman at spamgourmet dot org
10 years ago
There is another kind of array (php>=  5.3.0) produced by

$array = new SplFixedArray(5);

Standard arrays, as documented here, are marvellously flexible and, due to the underlying hashtable, extremely fast for certain kinds of lookup operation.

Supposing a large string-keyed array

$arr=['string1'=>$data1, 'string2'=>$data2 etc....]

when getting the keyed data with

$data=$arr['string1'];

php does *not* have to search through the array comparing each key string to the given key ('string1') one by one, which could take a long time with a large array. Instead the hashtable means that php takes the given key string and computes from it the memory location of the keyed data, and then instantly retrieves the data. Marvellous! And so quick. And no need to know anything about hashtables as it's all hidden away.

However, there is a lot of overhead in that. It uses lots of memory, as hashtables tend to (also nearly doubling on a 64bit server), and should be significantly slower for integer keyed arrays than old-fashioned (non-hashtable) integer-keyed arrays. For that see more on SplFixedArray :

http://uk3.php.net/SplFixedArray

Unlike a standard php (hashtabled) array, if you lookup by integer then the integer itself denotes the memory location of the data, no hashtable computation on the integer key needed. This is much quicker. It's also quicker to build the array compared to the complex operations needed for hashtables. And it uses a lot less memory as there is no hashtable data structure. This is really an optimisation decision, but in some cases of large integer keyed arrays it may significantly reduce server memory and increase performance (including the avoiding of expensive memory deallocation of hashtable arrays at the exiting of the script).
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0
phplatino at gmail dot com
2 years ago
to know the depth (dimension) of a ARRAY, you can use this:

function Dim_Ar($A, $i){
    if(!is_array($A))return 0;
    $t[] = 1;
    foreach($A AS $e)if(is_array($e))$t[] = Dim_Ar($e, ++ $i) + 1;
    return max($t);
    }

and use with:

$Q = ARRAY(ARRAY(ARRAY()), ARRAY(ARRAY()));// here depth/dimension is three

echo Dim_Ar($Q, 0);
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0
ivail89 at mail dot ru
3 years ago
Function unset can delete array's element by reference only when you specify source array. See example:
<?php
$array
= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
foreach (
$array as $k => &$v){
    if (
$k >= 3){
        unset(
$v);
    }
}
echo
count($array); // 5
?>
In this case unset delete only reference, however original array didn't change.

Or different example:
<?php
$arr
= [1, 2];
$a = &$arr[0];
unset(
$a);
count($arr); // 2
?>

So for deleting element from first example need use key and array.
<?php
// ...
 
unset($array[$k]);
// ...
?>
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-1
Denise Ignatova
6 years ago
When creating arrays , if we have an element with the same value as another element from the same array, we would expect PHP instead of creating new zval container to increase the refcount and point the duplicate symbol to the same zval. This is true except for value type integer.
Example:

$arr = ['bebe' => 'Bob', 'age' => 23, 'too' => 23 ];
xdebug_debug_zval( 'arr' );

Output:
arr:

(refcount=2, is_ref=0)
array (size=3)
  'bebe' => (refcount=1, is_ref=0)string 'Bob' (length=3)
  'age' => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)int 23
  'too' => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)int 23

but :
$arr = ['bebe' => 'Bob', 'age' => 23, 'too' => '23' ];
xdebug_debug_zval( 'arr' );

will produce:
arr:

(refcount=2, is_ref=0)
array (size=3)
  'bebe' => (refcount=1, is_ref=0)string 'Bob' (length=3)
  'age' => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)int 23
  'too' => (refcount=1, is_ref=0)string '23' (length=2)
or :

$arr = ['bebe' => 'Bob', 'age' => [1,2], 'too' => [1,2] ];
xdebug_debug_zval( 'arr' );

Output:
arr:

(refcount=2, is_ref=0)
array (size=3)
  'bebe' => (refcount=1, is_ref=0)string 'Bob' (length=3)
  'age' => (refcount=2, is_ref=0)
    array (size=2)
      0 => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)int 1
      1 => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)int 2
  'too' => (refcount=2, is_ref=0)
    array (size=2)
      0 => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)int 1
      1 => (refcount=0, is_ref=0)int 2
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-2
Anonymous
4 years ago
Wrappers for (array), returns array with normalize keys (without prefix):
<?php
function to_array_recursive($value): array
{
        if (!
is_object($value)) {
                return (array)
$value;
        }
       
$class = get_class($value);
       
$arr = [];
       
foreact ((array)  $value as $key => $val) {
               
$key = str_replace(["\0*\0", "\0{$class}\0"], '', $key);
               
$arr[$key] = is_object($val) ? to_array_recursive($val) : $val;
        }
        return
$arr;
}

function
to_array($value): array
{
       
$arr = (array) $value;
        if (!
is_object($value)) {
                return
$arr;
        }
       
$class = get_class($value);
       
$keys = str_replace(["\0*\0", "\0{$class}\0"], '', array_keys($arr));
        return
array_combine($keys, $arr);
}
?>
Demo:
<?php
class Test
{
        protected
$var = 1;
        protected
$var2;
        private
$TestVar = 3;
       
    public function
__construct($isParent = true)
    {
        if (
$isParent) {
           
$this->var2 = new self(! $isParent);
        }
    }
}

$obj = new Test();
var_dump((array) $obj, to_array_recursive($obj));
?>
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-8
ivegner at yandex dot ru
10 years ago
Note that objects of classes extending ArrayObject SPL class are treated as arrays, and not as objects when converting to array.

<?php
class ArrayObjectExtended extends ArrayObject
{
    private
$private = 'private';
    public
$hello = 'world';
}

$object = new ArrayObjectExtended();
$array = (array) $object;

// This will not expose $private and $hello properties of $object,
// but return an empty array instead.
var_export($array);
?>
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-14
Walter Tross
13 years ago
It is true that "array assignment always involves value copying", but the copy is a "lazy copy". This means that the data of the two variables occupy the same memory as long as no array element changes.

E.g., if you have to pass an array to a function that only needs to read it, there is no advantage at all in passing it by reference.
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