PHP tags
When the documentation says that the PHP parser ignores everything outside the <?php ... ?> tags, it means literally EVERYTHING. Including things you normally wouldn't consider "valid", such as the following:
<html><body>
<p<?php if ($highlight): ?> class="highlight"<?php endif;?>>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body></html>
Notice how the PHP code is embedded in the middle of an HTML opening tag. The PHP parser doesn't care that it's in the middle of an opening tag, and doesn't require that it be closed. It also doesn't care that after the closing ?> tag is the end of the HTML opening tag. So, if $highlight is true, then the output will be:
<html><body>
<p class="highlight">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body></html>
Otherwise, it will be:
<html><body>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body></html>
Using this method, you can have HTML tags with optional attributes, depending on some PHP condition. Extremely flexible and useful!
Escaping from HTML
Everything outside of a pair of opening and closing tags is ignored by the PHP parser which allows PHP files to have mixed content. This allows PHP to be embedded in HTML documents, for example to create templates.
<p>This is going to be ignored by PHP and displayed by the browser.</p>
<?php echo 'While this is going to be parsed.'; ?>
<p>This will also be ignored by PHP and displayed by the browser.</p>
Using structures with conditions
Example #1 Advanced escaping using conditions
<?php if ($expression == true): ?>
This will show if the expression is true.
<?php else: ?>
Otherwise this will show.
<?php endif; ?>
For outputting large blocks of text, dropping out of PHP parsing mode is generally more efficient than sending all of the text through echo or print.
There are four different pairs of opening and closing tags which can be used in PHP. Two of those, <?php ?> and <script language="php"> </script>, are always available. The other two are short tags and ASP style tags, and can be turned on and off from the php.ini configuration file. As such, while some people find short tags and ASP style tags convenient, they are less portable, and generally not recommended.
Notă:
Also note that if you are embedding PHP within XML or XHTML you will need to use the <?php ?> tags to remain compliant with standards.
Example #2 PHP Opening and Closing Tags
1. <?php echo 'if you want to serve XHTML or XML documents, do it like this'; ?>
2. <script language="php">
echo 'some editors (like FrontPage) don\'t
like processing instructions';
</script>
3. <? echo 'this is the simplest, an SGML processing instruction'; ?>
<?= expression ?> This is a shortcut for "<? echo expression ?>"
4. <% echo 'You may optionally use ASP-style tags'; %>
<%= $variable; # This is a shortcut for "<% echo . . ." %>
While the tags seen in examples one and two are both always available, example one is the most commonly used, and recommended, of the two.
Short tags (example three) are only available when they are enabled via the short_open_tag php.ini configuration file directive, or if PHP was configured with the --enable-short-tags option.
ASP style tags (example four) are only available when they are enabled via the asp_tags php.ini configuration file directive.
Notă:
Using short tags should be avoided when developing applications or libraries that are meant for redistribution, or deployment on PHP servers which are not under your control, because short tags may not be supported on the target server. For portable, redistributable code, be sure not to use short tags.
Notă:
In PHP 5.2 and earlier, the parser does not allow the <?php opening tag to be the only thing in a file. This is allowed as of PHP 5.3 provided there are one or more whitespace characters after the opening tag.
Notă:
Starting with PHP 5.4, short echo tag <?= is always recognized and valid, regardless of the short_open_tag setting.
add a note
User Contributed Notes
Escaping from HTML - [9 notes]
quickfur at quickfur dot ath dot cx ¶
2 years ago
snor_007 at hotmail dot com ¶
3 years ago
Playing around with different open and close tags I discovered you can actually mix different style open/close tags
some examples
<%
//your php code here
?>
or
<script language="php">
//php code here
%>
david dot jarry at gmail dot com ¶
4 years ago
Shorts tags and ASP tags are unportables and should be avoided.
<script /> tags are a waste of time and simply inefficient in some simple cases :
<body>
<p style="color: <script language="php"> echo $text_color </script>;">
(...) VERY long text (...)
</p>
</body>
To render this example in a basic XHTML editor, you need to "echo()" all the content or break the XML rules.
The solution seems obvious to me : Why not add the shortcut "<?php= ?>" to be used within XML and XHTML documents ?
<?php='example1'?>
<?php=$example2?>
mike at clove dot com ¶
2 years ago
It's possible to write code to create php escapes which can be processed later by substituting \x3f for '?' - as in echo "<\x3fphp echo 'foo'; \x3f>";
This is useful for creating a template parser which later is rendered by PHP.
ravenswd at gmail dot com ¶
3 years ago
One aspect of PHP that you need to be careful of, is that ?> will drop you out of PHP code and into HTML even if it appears inside a // comment. (This does not apply to /* */ comments.) This can lead to unexpected results. For example, take this line:
<?php
$file_contents = '<?php die(); ?>' . "\n";
?>
If you try to remove it by turning it into a comment, you get this:
<?php
// $file_contents = '<?php die(); ?>' . "\n";
?>
Which results in ' . "\n"; (and whatever is in the lines following it) to be output to your HTML page.
The cure is to either comment it out using /* */ tags, or re-write the line as:
<?php
$file_contents = '<' . '?php die(); ?' . '>' . "\n";
?>
admin at furutsuzeru dot net ¶
4 years ago
These methods are just messy. Short-opening tags and ASP-styled tags are not always enabled on servers. The <script language="php"></script> alternative is just out there. You should just use the traditional tag opening:
<?php?>
Coding islands, for example:
<?php
$me = 'Pyornide';
?>
<?=$me;?> is happy.
<?php
$me = strtoupper($me);
?>
<?=$me;?> is happier.
Lead to something along the lines of messy code. Writing your application like this can just prove to be more of an
inconvenience when it comes to maintenance.
If you have to deal chunks of HTML, then consider having a templating system do the job for you. It is a poor idea to rely on the coding islands method as a template system in any way, and for reasons listed above.
Richard Neill ¶
4 years ago
WARNING: there is a potentially *nasty* gotcha here. Consider the following:
<html><body><pre>
First line <?/* Comment, inside PHP */?>
Second line
</pre></body></html>
If the comment is immediately followed by newline (and most editors will trim spaces at the ends of lines anyway), then you will NOT get what you expect.
Expect:
First line
Second Line
Actually get:
First line Second line
Now, if you are relying on that newline, for example to terminate a line of Javascript, where the trailing semicolon is optional, watch out!
eksith at live dot com ¶
3 years ago
Even if it's pretty simple to insert echo lines to your PHP, I would storngly advise against it.
The safest way to output HTML content which may have special chraracters is to remove the HTML from your core code.
Put them in heredocs instead.
See the heredoc documentation and comments for more examples.
If you can remove as much of the HTML as you can from the rest of the PHP code (in terms of printf and echo lines), please do.
Try to keep your core logic and presentation separate.
<?php
$html =<<<HTML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
... The rest of your HTML...
And a PHP {$variable} here and an array {$arr['value']} there.
HTML; // End of heredoc
// Print this HTML
echo $html
?>
phpcoder at cyberpimp dot awmail dot org ¶
4 years ago
Some graphical HTML editors (and most web browsers) don't explicitly recognize the <?php ?> tags. When opening a PHP file with a graphical HTML editor to design the page layout, chunks of PHP code can appear as literal text if the PHP code contains a greater-than symbol (>).
Example:
<html>
<body>
Unsafe-<?php
if (4>3) {
echo "PHP-";
}
?>embedding
</body>
</html>
When executed, it should display this:
Unsafe-PHP-embedding
However, when opened with an HTML editor, the on-screen result might look like this:
Unsafe-3) { echo "PHP-"; } ?>embedding
...and further, the PHP code after the great-than operator (>) is at risk of being corrupted by the HTML editor's text formatting algorithms.
PHP code with greater-than symbols can be safely embedded into HTML by surrounding it with a pair of HTML-style comment delimiters + fake HTML end & start stags, as PHP-style comments.
Example:
<html>
<body>
Safe-<?php
/*><!--*/
if (4>3) {
echo "PHP-";
}
/*--><?*/
?>embedding
</body>
</html>
When executed, it should display this:
Safe-PHP-embedding
And when opened with an HTML editor (or even opened directly with a web browser), it should display this:
Safe-embedding
An HTML editor will see the surrounded PHP code as an HTML comment, and (hopefully) leave it as-is.
Finally, any PHP code with a hard-coded string containing the HTML end-of-comment delimiter (-->) should be reconstructed to be syntactically identical, while avoiding the literal "-->" sequence in the PHP code.
For example, this:
<?php
/*><!--*/
$a = "-->";
/*--><?*/
?>
...can safely be changed to any of these:
<?php
/*><!--*/
$a = "\55->";
/*--><?*/
?>
<?php
/*><!--*/
$a = "--\76";
/*--><?*/
?>
<?php
/*><!--*/
$a = '--'.'>';
/*--><?*/
?>