比較演算子

比較演算子は、その名前が示すように、二つの値を比較します。 型の比較表 に、型に関連するさまざまな比較の例があります。

比較演算子
名前 結果
$a == $b 等しい 型の相互変換をした後で $a$b に等しい時に true
$a === $b 等しい $a$b に等しく、および同じ型である場合に true
$a != $b 等しくない 型の相互変換をした後で $a$b に等しくない場合に true
$a <> $b 等しくない 型の相互変換をした後で $a$b に等しくない場合に true
$a !== $b 等しくない $a$b と等しくないか、同じ型でない場合に true
$a < $b より少ない $a$b より少ない時に true
$a > $b より多い $a$b より多い時に true
$a <= $b より少ないか等しい $a$b より少ないか等しい時に true
$a >= $b より多いか等しい $a$b より多いか等しい時に true
$a <=> $b 宇宙船演算子 $a$b より小さい場合は、0より小さい整数。 $a$b と等しい場合は、0。 $a$b より大きい場合は、0より大きい整数。

オペランドが両方 数値形式の文字列 の場合、 もしくは一方が数値で、もう一方が 数値形式の文字列 の場合、 比較は数値として行われます。 これらのルールは switch 文にも適用されます。 型の変換は 演算子が ===!== の場合は行われません。 なぜなら、これらの演算子は、値と型を両方比較するものだからです。

警告

PHP 8.0.0 より前のバージョンでは、 文字列が数値または数値形式の文字列の場合、文字列は比較する前に数値に変換されていました。 これによって、以下の例で見られるような驚きの結果が生じる場合があります:

<?php
var_dump
(0 == "a");
var_dump("1" == "01");
var_dump("10" == "1e1");
var_dump(100 == "1e2");

switch (
"a") {
case
0:
echo
"0";
break;
case
"a":
echo
"a";
break;
}
?>

上の例の PHP 7 での出力は、このようになります。

bool(true)
bool(true)
bool(true)
bool(true)
0

上の例の PHP 8 での出力は、このようになります。:

bool(false)
bool(true)
bool(true)
bool(true)
a

<?php
// Integer
echo 1 <=> 1; // 0
echo 1 <=> 2; // -1
echo 2 <=> 1; // 1

// Float
echo 1.5 <=> 1.5; // 0
echo 1.5 <=> 2.5; // -1
echo 2.5 <=> 1.5; // 1

// 文字列
echo "a" <=> "a"; // 0
echo "a" <=> "b"; // -1
echo "b" <=> "a"; // 1

echo "a" <=> "aa"; // -1
echo "zz" <=> "aa"; // 1

// 配列
echo [] <=> []; // 0
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> [1, 2, 3]; // 0
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> []; // 1
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> [1, 2, 1]; // 1
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> [1, 2, 4]; // -1

// オブジェクト
$a = (object) ["a" => "b"];
$b = (object) ["a" => "b"];
echo
$a <=> $b; // 0

$a = (object) ["a" => "b"];
$b = (object) ["a" => "c"];
echo
$a <=> $b; // -1

$a = (object) ["a" => "c"];
$b = (object) ["a" => "b"];
echo
$a <=> $b; // 1

// 比較するのは値だけではない; キーも一致しなければならない
$a = (object) ["a" => "b"];
$b = (object) ["b" => "b"];
echo
$a <=> $b; // 1

?>

多くの型では、以下の表にしたがって(上から順に)比較が行われます。

さまざまな型の比較
第 1 オペランドの型 第 2 オペランドの型 結果
null または string string null を "" に変換し、数値または文字として比較します
bool または null あらゆる型 両辺を bool に変換し、false < true と判断します
object object 組み込みクラスには独自の比較基準が定義されています。 異なるクラスは比較できません。同じクラスであるかどうかは ここで説明されています
string, resource, int または float string, resource, int または float 文字列やリソースを数値に変換し、算術演算を行います
array array 要素数の少ない配列のほうが小さくなります。オペランド 1 のキーが オペランド 2 に存在しない場合、配列は比較できません。そうでない場合は 個々の要素の値を比較します(以下の例を参照ください)
object あらゆる型 object のほうが常に大きくなります
array あらゆる型 array のほうが常に大きくなります

例1 Boolean/null の比較

<?php
// Bool and null are compared as bool always
var_dump(1 == TRUE); // TRUE - same as (bool)1 == TRUE
var_dump(0 == FALSE); // TRUE - same as (bool)0 == FALSE
var_dump(100 < TRUE); // FALSE - same as (bool)100 < TRUE
var_dump(-10 < FALSE);// FALSE - same as (bool)-10 < FALSE
var_dump(min(-100, -10, NULL, 10, 100)); // NULL - (bool)NULL < (bool)-100 is FALSE < TRUE
?>

例2 一般的な配列の比較

<?php
// 標準の比較演算子や、宇宙船演算子を用いて、配列はこのように比較されます
function standard_array_compare($op1, $op2)
{
if (
count($op1) < count($op2)) {
return -
1; // $op1 < $op2
} elseif (count($op1) > count($op2)) {
return
1; // $op1 > $op2
}
foreach (
$op1 as $key => $val) {
if (!
array_key_exists($key, $op2)) {
return
1;
} elseif (
$val < $op2[$key]) {
return -
1;
} elseif (
$val > $op2[$key]) {
return
1;
}
}
return
0; // $op1 == $op2
}
?>

警告

浮動小数点数値の比較

ふたつの float 値が等しいかどうかを調べてはいけません。 float の内部的な表現方法がその理由です。

詳細な情報は float のドキュメントを参照ください。

注意: PHP における型の相互変換の動作は、 異なる型同士を比較する時には必ずしも自明でないことに注意して下さい。 整数型 と boolean を比較したり、 整数型 を 文字列 と比較する場合は特にそうです。 よって一般的には、 ==!= ではなく ===!== を使う方がほとんどの場合は好ましいです。

比較できない値

(===!== を使った) 同一性の比較は、あらゆる値に適用できますが、 それ以外の演算子は、比較できる値同士の場合にのみ適用可能です。 比較できない値同士を比較した場合の結果は未定義であり、 その結果に依存すべきではありません。

三項演算子

もうひとつの条件演算子として "?:"(あるいは三項)演算子があります。

例3 デフォルト値を設定する

<?php
// 三項演算子の使用例
$action = (empty($_POST['action'])) ? 'default' : $_POST['action'];

// 上記は以下の if/else 式と同じです。
if (empty($_POST['action'])) {
$action = 'default';
} else {
$action = $_POST['action'];
}
?>
(expr1) ? (expr2) : (expr3) という式は、式1true の場合に 式2 を、 式1false の場合に 式3 を値とします。

三項演算子のまんなかの部分をなくすこともできます。 式 expr1 ?: expr3 の結果は、expr1true と同等の場合は expr1、 それ以外の場合は expr3 となります。 この場合、expr1 は一度だけ評価されます。

注意: 三項演算子は式であり、値としては評価されずに式の結果として評価される ことに注意してください。演算結果をリファレンスとして返したい場合に、 これを知っておくことが大切です。結果をリファレンスとして返す関数で return $var == 42 ? $a : $b; とすることはできず、 警告が発生します。

注意:

三項演算子を "積み重ねて" 使用することは避けましょう。 ひとつの文の中で括弧で囲わずに複数の三項演算子を使用した際の PHP の振る舞いは、 他のプログラミング言語のそれと比べて、少々わかりにくいものです。 PHP 8.0.0 より前のバージョンでは、三項演算子は左から右に評価されていました。 他の殆どのプログラミング言語では、右から左に評価されます。 左から右に評価される振る舞いに依存することは、PHP 7.4.0 以降は推奨されません。 PHP 8.0.0 以降は、三項演算子はどの演算とも結合しなくなっています。

例4 三項演算子のわかりにくい挙動

<?php
// ぱっと見た感じでは、これは 'true' と表示されると思うでしょう。
echo (true ? 'true' : false ? 't' : 'f');

// しかし、PHP 8.0.0 より前のバージョンでは、実際には上の出力結果は 't' です。
// なぜなら、三項演算子は左結合だったからです。

// 上のコードをもう少しわかりやすく書くと、このようになります。
echo ((true ? 'true' : false) ? 't' : 'f');

// まず、最初の式が 'true' と評価されます。この 'true' は
// (bool)true と評価されるので、それをもとに二番目の三項
// 演算子が評価されます。
?>

注意:

一方で、三項演算子の短縮形の挙動は安定しており、 理にかなった動作をします。 これは、false と評価されない最初の引数を評価します。 但し、未定義の値については未だ警告が出るので注意して下さい。

例5 三項演算子の短縮形

<?php
echo 0 ?: 1 ?: 2 ?: 3, PHP_EOL; //1
echo 0 ?: 0 ?: 2 ?: 3, PHP_EOL; //2
echo 0 ?: 0 ?: 0 ?: 3, PHP_EOL; //3
?>

Null 合体演算子

別の便利な短縮形式の演算子として、 "??" 演算子 (Null 合体演算子) を使うことが出来ます。

例6 デフォルト値の代入

<?php
// Null 合体演算子の使用例
$action = $_POST['action'] ?? 'default';

// 上の文は、この if/else 文と同じ意味です
if (isset($_POST['action'])) {
$action = $_POST['action'];
} else {
$action = 'default';
}
?>
(expr1) ?? (expr2) は、 expr1null である場合は expr2 と評価され、それ以外の場合は expr1 と評価されます。

この演算子は、左側の値が存在しない場合でも notice や warning が発生しません。 isset() と同じ挙動です。 これは、配列のキーを扱う場合に便利です。

注意: Null 合体演算子は式であることに注意しましょう。変数として評価されるのではなく、式の結果として評価されます。 変数を参照で返そうとするときには、これを意識しておくことが重要です。 参照返しの関数で return $foo ?? $bar; のように書いてもうまく動かずに、 警告が発生します。

注意:

Null 合体演算子の優先順位は低いです。 (文字列結合や、算術演算子のような) 他の演算子と組み合わせる場合には、おそらくカッコが必要になるでしょう。

<?php
// $name が未定義の場合、警告が発生します。
print 'Mr. ' . $name ?? 'Anonymous';
// "Mr. Anonymous" と出力
print 'Mr. ' . ($name ?? 'Anonymous');
?>

注意:

Null 合体演算子はネストさせることもできます。

例7 Null 合体演算子のネスト

<?php

$foo
= null;
$bar = null;
$baz = 1;
$qux = 2;

echo
$foo ?? $bar ?? $baz ?? $qux; // 出力は 1 です

?>

add a note add a note

User Contributed Notes 45 notes

up
144
crazy888s at hotmail dot com
14 years ago
I couldn't find much info on stacking the new ternary operator, so I ran some tests:

<?php
echo 0 ?: 1 ?: 2 ?: 3; //1
echo 1 ?: 0 ?: 3 ?: 2; //1
echo 2 ?: 1 ?: 0 ?: 3; //2
echo 3 ?: 2 ?: 1 ?: 0; //3

echo 0 ?: 1 ?: 2 ?: 3; //1
echo 0 ?: 0 ?: 2 ?: 3; //2
echo 0 ?: 0 ?: 0 ?: 3; //3
?>

It works just as expected, returning the first non-false value within a group of expressions.
up
88
arnaud at arnapou dot net
13 years ago
[Editor's note: consider using ===]

I discover after 10 years of PHP development something awfull : even if you make a string comparison (both are strings), strings are tested like integers and leading "space" character (even \n, \r, \t) is ignored ....

I spent hours because of leading \n in a string ... it hurts my developper sensibility to see two strings beeing compared like integers and not like strings ... I use strcmp now for string comparison ... so stupid ...

Test code :
<?php

test
("1234", "1234");
test("1234", " 1234");
test("1234", "\n1234");
test("1234", "1234 ");
test("1234", "1234\n");

function
test($v1, $v2) {
    echo
"<h1>[".show_cr($v1)."] vs [".show_cr($v2)."]</h1>";
    echo
my_var_dump($v1)."<br />";
    echo
my_var_dump($v2)."<br />";
    if(
$v1 == $v2) {
        echo
"EQUAL !";
    }
    else {
        echo
"DIFFERENT !";
    }
}

function
show_cr($var) {
    return
str_replace("\n", "\\n", $var);
}

function
my_var_dump($var) {
   
ob_start();
   
var_dump($var);
   
$dump = show_cr(trim(ob_get_contents()));
   
ob_end_clean();
    return
$dump;
}

?>

Displays this ->

[1234] vs [1234]
string(4) "1234"
string(4) "1234"
EQUAL !

[1234] vs [ 1234]
string(4) "1234"
string(5) " 1234"
EQUAL !

[1234] vs [\n1234]
string(4) "1234"
string(5) "\n1234"
EQUAL !

[1234] vs [1234 ]
string(4) "1234"
string(5) "1234 "
DIFFERENT !

[1234] vs [1234\n]
string(4) "1234"
string(5) "1234\n"
DIFFERENT !
up
46
Harry Willis
9 years ago
I was interested about the following two uses of the ternary operator (PHP >= 5.3) for using a "default" value if a variable is not set or evaluates to false:

<?php
(isset($some_variable) && $some_variable) ? $some_variable : 'default_value';

$some_variable ?: 'default_value';
?>

The second is more readable, but will throw an ERR_NOTICE is $some_variable is not set. Of course, this could be overcome by suppressing the notice using the @ operator.

Performance-wise, though, comparing 1 million iterations of the three statements

  (isset($foo) && $foo) ? $foo : ''
  ($foo) ?: ''
  (@$foo) ?: ''

results in the following:

  $foo is NOT SET.
    [isset] 0.18222403526306
    [?:]    0.57496404647827
    [@ ?:]  0.64780592918396
  $foo is NULL.
    [isset] 0.17995285987854
    [?:]    0.15304207801819
    [@ ?:]  0.20394206047058
  $foo is FALSE.
    [isset] 0.19388508796692
    [?:]    0.15359902381897
    [@ ?:]  0.20741701126099
  $foo is TRUE.
    [isset] 0.17265486717224
    [?:]    0.11773896217346
    [@ ?:]  0.16193103790283

In other words, using the long-form ternary operator with isset($some_variable) is preferable overall if $some_variable may not be set.

(error_reporting was set to zero for the benchmark, to avoid printing a million notices...)
up
31
thomas dot oldbury at tgohome dot com
17 years ago
Be careful when using the ternary operator!

The following will not evaluate to the expected result:

<?php
echo "a string that has a " . (true) ? 'true' : 'false' . " condition in. ";
?>

Will print true.

Instead, use this:

<?php
echo "a string that has a " . ((true) ? 'true' : 'false') . " condition in. ";
?>

This will evaluate to the expected result: "a string that has a true condition in. "

I hope this helps.
up
36
jwhiting at hampshire dot edu
20 years ago
note: the behavior below is documented in the appendix K about type comparisons, but since it is somewhat buried i thought i should raise it here for people since it threw me for a loop until i figured it out completely.

just to clarify a tricky point about the == comparison operator when dealing with strings and numbers:

('some string' == 0) returns TRUE

however, ('123' == 0) returns FALSE

also note that ((int) 'some string') returns 0

and ((int) '123') returns 123

the behavior makes senes but you must be careful when comparing strings to numbers, e.g. when you're comparing a request variable which you expect to be numeric. its easy to fall into the trap of:

if ($_GET['myvar']==0) dosomething();

as this will dosomething() even when $_GET['myvar'] is 'some string' and clearly not the value 0

i was getting lazy with my types since php vars are so flexible, so be warned to pay attention to the details...
up
20
jeronimo at DELETE_THIS dot transartmedia dot com
19 years ago
For converted Perl programmers: use strict comparison operators (===, !==) in place of string comparison operators (eq, ne). Don't use the simple equality operators (==, !=), because ($a == $b) will return TRUE in many situations where ($a eq $b) would return FALSE.

For instance...
"mary" == "fred" is FALSE, but
"+010" == "10.0" is TRUE (!)

In the following examples, none of the strings being compared are identical, but because PHP *can* evaluate them as numbers, it does so, and therefore finds them equal...

<?php

echo ("007" == "7" ? "EQUAL" : "not equal");
// Prints: EQUAL

// Surrounding the strings with single quotes (') instead of double
// quotes (") to ensure the contents aren't evaluated, and forcing
// string types has no effect.
echo ( (string)'0001' == (string)'+1.' ? "EQUAL" : "not equal");
// Prints: EQUAL

// Including non-digit characters (like leading spaces, "e", the plus
// or minus sign, period, ...) can still result in this behavior, if
// a string happens to be valid scientific notation.
echo ('  131e-2' == '001.3100' ? "EQUAL" : "not equal");
// Prints: EQUAL

?>

If you're comparing passwords (or anything else for which "near" precision isn't good enough) this confusion could be detrimental. Stick with strict comparisons...

<?php

// Same examples as above, using === instead of ==

echo ("007" === "7" ? "EQUAL" : "not equal");
// Prints: not equal

echo ( (string)'0001' === (string)'+1.' ? "EQUAL" : "not equal");
// Prints: not equal

echo ('  131e-2' === '001.3100' ? "EQUAL" : "not equal");
// Prints: not equal

?>
up
34
mail at mkharitonov dot net
9 years ago
Be careful with the "==" operator when both operands are strings:
<?php
var_dump
('123' == '       123'); // true
var_dump('1e3' == '1000'); // true
var_dump('+74951112233' == '74951112233'); // true
var_dump('00000020' == '0000000000000000020'); // true
var_dump('0X1D' == '29E0'); // true
var_dump('0xafebac' == '11529132'); // true
var_dump('0xafebac' == '0XAFEBAC'); // true
var_dump('0xeb' == '+235e-0'); // true
var_dump('0.235' == '+.235'); // true
var_dump('0.2e-10' == '2.0E-11'); // true
var_dump('61529519452809720693702583126814' == '61529519452809720000000000000000'); // true in php < 5.4.4
up
20
hiroh2k at yahoo dot com
19 years ago
if you want to use the ?: operator, you should be careful with the precedence.

Here's an example of the priority of operators:

<?php
echo 'Hello, ' . isset($i) ? 'my friend: ' . $username . ', how are you doing?' : 'my guest, ' . $guestusername . ', please register';
?>

This make "'Hello, ' . isset($i)" the sentence to evaluate. So, if you think to mix more sentences with the ?: operator, please use always parentheses to force the proper evaluation of the sentence.

<?php
echo 'Hello, ' . (isset($i) ? 'my friend: ' . $username . ', how are you doing?' : 'my guest, ' . $guestusername . ', please register');
?>

for general rule, if you mix ?: with other sentences, always close it with parentheses.
up
39
Anonymous
18 years ago
The following contrasts the trinary operator associativity in PHP and Java.  The first test would work as expected in Java (evaluates left-to-right, associates right-to-left, like if stmnt), the second in PHP (evaluates and associates left-to-right)

<?php

echo "\n\n######----------- trinary operator associativity\n\n";

function
trinaryTest($foo){

   
$bar    = $foo > 20
           
? "greater than 20"
           
: $foo > 10
               
? "greater than 10"
               
: $foo > 5
                   
? "greater than 5"
                   
: "not worthy of consideration";   
    echo
$foo." =>  ".$bar."\n";
}

echo
"----trinaryTest\n\n";
trinaryTest(21);
trinaryTest(11);
trinaryTest(6);
trinaryTest(4);

function
trinaryTestParens($foo){
   
   
$bar    = $foo > 20
           
? "greater than 20"
           
: ($foo > 10
               
? "greater than 10"
               
: ($foo > 5
                   
? "greater than 5"
                   
: "not worthy of consideration"));   
    echo
$foo." =>  ".$bar."\n";
}

echo
"----trinaryTestParens\n\n";
trinaryTestParens(21);
trinaryTestParens(11);
trinaryTest(6);
trinaryTestParens(4);

?>

Output:

######----------- trinary operator associativity

----trinaryTest

21 =>  greater than 5
11 =>  greater than 5
6 =>  greater than 5
4 =>  not worthy of consideration

----trinaryTestParens

21 =>  greater than 20
11 =>  greater than 10
6 =>  greater than 5
4 =>  not worthy of consideration
up
17
kapoor_rajiv at hotmail dot com
14 years ago
A quick way to do mysql bit comparison in php is to use the special character it stores . e.g
<?php
                                       
if ($AvailableRequests['OngoingService'] == '')
                                            echo
'<td>Yes</td>';
                                        else
                                            echo
'<td>No</td>';

?>
up
20
rshawiii at yahoo dot com
18 years ago
You can't just compare two arrays with the === operator
like you would think to find out if they are equal or not.  This is more complicated when you have multi-dimensional arrays.  Here is a recursive comparison function.

<?php
/**
* Compares two arrays to see if they contain the same values.  Returns TRUE or FALSE.
* usefull for determining if a record or block of data was modified (perhaps by user input)
* prior to setting a "date_last_updated" or skipping updating the db in the case of no change.
*
* @param array $a1
* @param array $a2
* @return boolean
*/
function array_compare_recursive($a1, $a2)
{
   if (!(
is_array($a1) and (is_array($a2)))) { return FALSE;}   
   
   if (!
count($a1) == count($a2))
      {
       return
FALSE; // arrays don't have same number of entries
     
}
     
   foreach (
$a1 as $key => $val)
   {
       if (!
array_key_exists($key, $a2))
           {return
FALSE; // uncomparable array keys don't match
             
}
       elseif (
is_array($val) and is_array($a2[$key]))  // if both entries are arrays then compare recursive
          
{if (!array_compare_recursive($val,$a2[$key])) return FALSE;
           }
       elseif (!(
$val === $a2[$key])) // compare entries must be of same type.
          
{return FALSE;
           }
   }
   return
TRUE; // $a1 === $a2
}
?>
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15
Jeremy Swinborne
11 years ago
Beware of the consequences of comparing strings to numbers.  You can disprove the laws of the universe.

echo ('X' == 0 && 'X' == true && 0 == false) ? 'true == false' : 'sanity prevails';

This will output 'true == false'.  This stems from the use of the UNIX function strtod() to convert strings to numbers before comparing.  Since 'X' or any other string without a number in it converts to 0 when compared to a number, 0 == 0 && 'X' == true && 0 == false
up
8
G
6 years ago
Do note, using the ternary operator shorthand (since 5.3), omitting the 2nd expression the first expression will only be called once.

Before 5.3 (or not using the shorthand)
<?php
$val
= f('x') ? f('x') : false;
// f('x') will be run twice
?>

After 5.3
<?php
$val
= f('x') ?: false;
// f('x') will be run once
?>
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18
gondo
9 years ago
beware of the fact, that there is no `<==` nor `>==` therefore `false <= 0` will be `true`. php v. 5.4.27
up
16
Alex
17 years ago
I think everybody should read carefully what "jeronimo at DELETE_THIS dot transartmedia dot com" wrote. It's a great pitfall even for seasoned programmers and should be looked upon with a great attention.
For example, comparing passwords with == may result in a very large security hole.

I would add some more to it:

The workaround is to use strcmp() or ===.

Note on ===:

While the php documentation says that, basically,
($a===$b)  is the same as  ($a==$b && gettype($a) == gettype($b)),
this is not true.

The difference between == and === is that === never does any type conversion. So, while, according to documentation, ("+0.1" === ".1") should return true (because both are strings and == returns true), === actually returns false (which is good).
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5
niall at maranelda dot org
6 years ago
Care must be taken when using the spaceship operator with arrays that do not have the same keys:

- Contrary to the notes above ("Example #2 Transcription of standard array comparison"), it does *not* return null if the left-hand array contains a key that the right-hand array does not.
- Because of this, the result depends on the order you do the comparison in.

For example:

<?php
$a
= ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'c' => 3, 'e' => 4];
$b = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'd' => 3, 'e' => 4];

var_dump($a <=> $b);        // int(1) : $a > $b because $a has the 'c' key and $b doesn't.

var_dump($b <=> $a);        // int(1) : $b > $a because $b has the 'd' key and $a doesn't.
?>
up
19
adam at caucho dot com
17 years ago
Note: according to the spec, PHP's comparison operators are not transitive.  For example, the following are all true in PHP5:

"11" < "a" < 2 < "11"

As a result, the outcome of sorting an array depends on the order the elements appear in the pre-sort array.  The following code will dump out two arrays with *different* orderings:

<?php
$a
= array(2,    "a""11", 2);
$b = array(2,    "11", "a"2);
sort($a);
var_dump($a);
sort($b);
var_dump($b);
?>

This is not a bug report -- given the spec on this documentation page, what PHP does is "correct".  But that may not be what was intended...
up
13
bishop
17 years ago
When you want to know if two arrays contain the same values, regardless of the values' order, you cannot use "==" or "===".  In other words:

<?php
(array(1,2) == array(2,1)) === false;
?>

To answer that question, use:

<?php
function array_equal($a, $b) {
    return (
is_array($a) && is_array($b) && array_diff($a, $b) === array_diff($b, $a));
}
?>

A related, but more strict problem, is if you need to ensure that two arrays contain the same key=>value pairs, regardless of the order of the pairs.  In that case, use:

<?php
function array_identical($a, $b) {
    return (
is_array($a) && is_array($b) && array_diff_assoc($a, $b) === array_diff_assoc($b, $a));
}
?>

Example:
<?php
$a
= array (2, 1);
$b = array (1, 2);
// true === array_equal($a, $b);
// false === array_identical($a, $b);

$a = array ('a' => 2, 'b' => 1);
$b = array ('b' => 1, 'a' => 2);
// true === array_identical($a, $b)
// true === array_equal($a, $b)
?>

(See also the solution "rshawiii at yahoo dot com" posted)
up
13
Cuong Huy To
12 years ago
In the table "Comparison with Various Types", please move the last line about "Object" to be above the line about "Array", since Object is considered to be greater than Array (tested on 5.3.3)

(Please remove my "Anonymous" post of the same content before. You could check IP to see that I forgot to type my name)
up
17
stepheneliotdewey at gmail [period] com
17 years ago
Note that typecasting will NOT prevent the default behavior for converting two numeric strings to numbers when comparing them.

e.g.:

<?php
if ((string) '0123' == (string) '123')
    print
'equals';
else
    print
'doesn\'t equal';
?>

Still prints 'equals'

As far as I can tell the only way to avoid this is to use the identity comparison operators (=== and !==).
up
1
itsacon at itsacon dot net
3 years ago
Be aware that the null coalesce operator (??) has a lower priority than most other operators, so parentheses are usually a good idea if the output is used in anything other than an assignment.

<?php
$var
= 1;
if (
$var ?? 0 == 2) {}  // will evaluate to true

if (2 == $undefinedVar ?? 0) {}  // will throw an error

if (($var ?? 0) == 2) {}  // will evaluate to false
?>

https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.operators.precedence.php
up
4
prezire at gmail dot com
8 years ago
Take note when grouping ternary operations that return either boolean or integer concatenated to a string:
<?php
 
echo 'hello ' . true ? 1 : 0, //Outputs 1
      
'hello ' . (true ? 1 : 0); //Outputs hello 1
?>
up
1
Sumon Mahmud
4 years ago
Extending from here: https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.operators.comparison.php#121907

$a = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'c' => 3, 'e' => 4];
$b = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'd' => 3, 'e' => 4];

echo $a > $b; // 0
echo $b > $a; // 0
echo $a <$b; // 0
echo $b < $a; // 0

If using spaceship operator then it is returning true like :

echo $a <=> $b; //1
echo $b <=> $a; //1
echo $a <=> $b; //1
echo $b <=> $a; //1
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13
Anonymous
14 years ago
Note: The ternary shortcut currently seems to be of no use in dealing with unexisting keys in an array, as PHP will throw an error. Take the following example.

<?php
$_POST
['Unexisting'] = $_POST['Unexisting'] ?: false;
?>

PHP will throw an error that the "Unexisting" key does not exist. The @ operator does not work here to suppress this error.
up
11
bimal at sanjaal dot com
11 years ago
I came across peculiar outputs while I was attempting to debug a script

<?php
# Setup platform (pre conditions somewhere in a loop)
$index=1;
$tally = array();

# May work with warnings that $tally[$index] is not initialized
# Notice: Undefined offset: 1 in D:\htdocs\colors\ColorCompare\i.php on line #__
# It is an old fashioned way.
# $tally[$index] = $tally[$index] + 1;

# Does not work: Loops to attempt to change $index and values are aways unaffected
$tally[$index] = isset($tally[$index])?$tally[$index]:0+1;
$tally[$index] = isset($tally[$index])?$tally[$index]:0+1;
$tally[$index] = isset($tally[$index])?$tally[$index]:0+1;
/*
# These three lines output:
Array
(
    [1] => 1
)
*/

# Works: This is what I need/expect
# $tally[$index] = 1+(isset($tally[$index])?$tally[$index]:0);

print_r($tally);
?>

The second block obviously does not work what one expects.
Third part is good.
up
9
alan dot g at nospam dot net
13 years ago
a function to help settings default values, it returns its own first non-empty argument :

make your own eor combos !

<?php

/*
* Either Or
*
* usage:  $foo = eor(test1(),test2(),"default");
* usage:  $foo = eor($_GET['foo'], foogen(), $foo, "bar");
*/

function eor() {
   
$vars = func_get_args();
     while (!empty(
$vars) && empty($defval))   
        
$defval = array_shift($vars);         
     return
$defval;
}



?>
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10
Hayley Watson
16 years ago
Note that the "ternary operator" is better described as the "conditional operator". The former name merely notes that it has three arguments without saying anything about what it does. Needless to say, if PHP picked up any more ternary operators, this will be a problem.

"Conditional Operator" is actually descriptive of the semantics, and is the name historically given to it in, e.g., C.
up
13
fernandoleal at dragoncs dot com
17 years ago
If you need nested ifs on I var its important to group the if so it works.
Example:
<?php
//Dont Works
//Parse error: parse error, unexpected ':'
$var='<option value="1" '.$status == "1" ? 'selected="selected"' :''.'>Value 1</option>';
//Works:
$var='<option value="1" '.($status == "1" ? 'selected="selected"' :'').'>Value 1</option>';

echo
$var;
?>
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7
Mark Simon
12 years ago
The use of 5.3’s shortened ternary operator allows PHP to coalesce a null or empty value to an alternative:

$value = $planA ?: $planB;

My own server doesn’t yet run 5.3. A nice alternative is to use the “or” operator:

$value = $planA or $value = planB;
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4
Marcin Kuzawiski
8 years ago
A < B and still B < A...

$A = [1 => 1, 2 => 0, 3 => 1];
$B = [1 => 1, 3 => 0, 2 => 1];

var_dump($A < $B);  // TRUE
var_dump($B < $A);  // TRUE

var_dump($A > $B);  // TRUE
var_dump($B > $A);  // TRUE

Next - C and D are comparable, but neither C < D nor D < C (and still C != D)...

$C = [1 => 1, 2 => 1, 3 => 0];
$D = [1 => 1, 3 => 1, 2 => 0];

var_dump($C < $D); // FALSE
var_dump($D < $C); // FALSE

var_dump($C > $D); // FALSE
var_dump($D > $C); // FALSE

var_dump($D == $C); // FALSE
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3
Romain
5 years ago
?? vs isset() with __isset() and __get()

<?php

class A
{
    public function
__get($id)
    {
        return
'a value';
    }
}

class
B
{
    public function
__isset($id)
    {
        return
false;
    }
   
    public function
__get($id)
    {
        return
'a value';
    }
}

class
c
{
    protected
$test = "a value";
   
    public function
__isset($id)
    {
        return
true;
    }
}

$a = new A();
$b = new B();
$c = new C();

echo isset(
$a->test) ? $a->test : 'nothing'; // "nothing"
echo $a->test ?? 'nothing'; // "a value", isset() is not called!

echo isset($b->test) ? $b->test : 'nothing'; // "nothing"
echo $b->test ?? 'nothing'; // "nothing", __isset() is called

echo isset($c->test) ? $c->test : 'nothing'; // throw an Exception
echo $c->test ?? 'nothing'; // "nothing"

?>
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2
azz
4 years ago
Keep in mind that ?: operator is NOT fully equal to empty()

?: can't check non-existent array index (as describe here https://www.php.net/manual/ru/language.operators.comparison.php#92685) and vars

Check this:

<?php
ini_set
('error_reporting', E_ALL);

$t = [];

var_dump(!isset($t['z']) || $t['z'] == FALSE); // true, this that empty() do
var_dump(empty($t['z'])); // true
var_dump(isset($t['z'])); // false

$v1 = $t['z'] ?: false; // Notice:  Undefined index: z
$v2 = $t['z'] ?? false; // silent!

var_dump($v1); // false
var_dump($v2); // false

var_dump(!isset($non_existent_var) || $non_existent_var == FALSE); // true, this that empty() do
var_dump(empty($non_existent_var)); // true
var_dump(isset($non_existent_var)); // false

$v1 = $non_existent_var ?: false; // Notice:  Undefined variable: non_existent_var
$v2 = $non_existent_var ?? false; // silent!

var_dump($v1); // false
var_dump($v2); // false
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6
j-a-n at gmx dot de
12 years ago
Please be careful when comparing strings with floats, especally when you are using the , as decimal.

<?php
var_dump
($alt);
var_dump($neu);
var_dump($alt == $neu);
?>

string(9) "590217,73"
float(590217,73)
bool(false)

not the float is cast to a string and then string-compared, but the string is cast to a float and then float-compared.

to compare as strings use strval!

<?php
var_dump
(strval($alt));
var_dump(strval($neu));
var_dump(strval($alt) == strval($neu));
?>

string(9) "590217,73"
string(9) "590217,73"
bool(true)
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8
user@example
19 years ago
With Nested ternary Operators you have to set the logical  parentheses to get the correct result.

<?php
$test
=true;
$test2=true;

(
$test) ? "TEST1 true" :  ($test2) ? "TEST2 true" : "false";
?>
This will output: TEST2 true;

correct:

<?php
$test
=true;
$test2=true;

(
$test) ? "TEST1 true" : (($test2) ? "TEST2 true" : "false");
?>

Anyway don't nest them to much....!!
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2
Ryan Mott
4 years ago
Searching for "double question mark" operator should find this page (and hopefully after this comment the crawlers will agree)
up
2
sgurukrupa at gmail dot com
9 years ago
With respect to using the ternary operator as a 'null-coalescing' operator: expr1 ?: expr2, note that expr1 is evaluated only once.
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5
zak at minion dot net
12 years ago
be careful when trying to concatenate the result of a ternary operator to a string

<?php
print '<div>'.(FALSE) ? 'TRUE [bad ternary]' : 'FALSE [bad ternary]';
print
'<br><br>';
print
'<div>'.((FALSE) ? 'TRUE [good ternary]' : 'FALSE [good ternary]');
?>

yields:

TRUE [bad ternary]

FALSE [good ternary]

this is because the ternary evaluates '<div>'.(FALSE) not (FALSE) - so the end result is TRUE
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4
taras dot bogach at gmail dot com
13 years ago
Boolean switch usege

<?php
class User_Exception extends Exception{}
class
User{
  public function
register($login,$pass,$passCheck)
    switch(
false){
      case(
strlen($pass) >= 5):
        throw new
User_Exception("Password must be at last 5 chars length");
      case(
$pass == $passCheck):
        throw new
User_Exception("Password is not confirmed!");
      case(
strlen($login) >= 5):
        throw new
User_Exception("Login must be at last 5 chars length");
     
//Do other checks
     
default:
       
//Do registration
       
return true;
    }
  }
 
//...
}
?>
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1
damien dot launay dot mail at gmail dot com
10 years ago
I found a nice way to use of new "?:" operator:

$a = array();
$a['foo'] = 'oof';

$b = @ ($a['foo'] ?: 'No foo');
$c = @ ($a['bar'] ?: 'No bar');

var_dump($b, $c);

Output:

string(3) "oof"
string(6) "No bar"

No error is thrown and $c is set with correct value.

Benefit: no need to use isset.
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1
halfhearted13 at gmail dot com
3 years ago
Both Null Coalescing ( ?? ) and Ternary ( ? : ) can work at a time.

<?php

$a
= "user name";
echo
$a = null ?? $a ? "sb" : "not found"; // it prints : sb
//as null coalescing has null on left it goes to 2nd expr $a. $a is defined so //output will be the 1st expr of Ternay operator.
?>

<?php

echo $x = "" ?? "" ? : "not found"; // it prints:  not found.
// null coalescing has empty value of its left. so it prints right expr which is //also empty. so the output will be the 2nd expr of ternary(written in short)

?>

<?php
echo $x = "" ?? "" ?? "" ? : false// prints nothing.
// if you add var_dump() you see bool(false)
?>
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0
yiminrong at yahoo dot ca
3 years ago
The string equality operator has a big gotcha in that if both operators match the format /^0+[Ee][0-9]+$/, then the values will be considered equal. All these, which represent common use cases, will output true:

echo '0e56' == '0E31'; // comparing short hex strings
echo md5('240610708') == md5('QNKCDZO'); // comparing hashes - see comment by Ray Paseur in md5 function
echo '000e123' == '00e0123'; // permutation of a string

The reason is that strings in the format /^0+[Ee][0-9]+$/ are interpreted as a number in scientific notation and zero raised to any power is zero.

Unless it is certain that the string will not match the specific format, then === should be used instead of == for strings.
up
-1
Tahazzot
2 years ago
Very careful when reading PHP documentation, Here's a lot of miss information.

According to documentation, They say's (int) 0 == (string) "a" is true. But it is not in PHP 8.

var_dump(0 == "a"); // 0 == 0 -> true

Now In PHP 8 it's False.
up
-1
Ireneusz Pachulski
3 years ago
Note that spaceship operator (<=>) is binary safe.

<?php
$a
= "Hello";
$b = "Hello\x00World";

echo (
$a <=> $b) . "<br>"; // -1
echo strcmp($a, $b) . "<br>"; // -6
echo strcoll($a, $b) . "<br>"; // 0 => not binary safe
?>
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-2
instatiendaweb at gmail dot com
3 years ago
switch ("a") {
case 0:
    echo "0";
    break;
case "a": // nunca alcanzado debido a que "a" ya ha coincidido con 0
    echo "a";
    break;
}
In php 8.0 is echo "a";
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-1
mail at markuszeller dot com
13 years ago
I prefer writing (!$a == 'hello') much more than ($a != 'hello'), but I wondered about the performance.

So I did a benchmark:
<?php
for($bench = 0; $bench < 3; $bench++)
{
   
$start = microtime(true);
   
$a = 1;
    for(
$i = 0; $i < 100000000; $i++)
  {
        if(!
$a == 'hello') $b++;
    }
   
$end = microtime(true);
    echo
"Used time: " . ($end-$start) . "\n";
}
?>
and it results with

# if($a != 'hello')
Used time: 12.552895069122
Used time: 12.548940896988
Used time: 12.470285177231

# if(!$a == 'hello')
Used time: 7.6532161235809
Used time: 7.6426539421082
Used time: 7.6452689170837
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