Note that the two methods for calling declare are not identical.
Method 1:
<?php
// Print "tick" with a timestamp and optional suffix.
function do_tick($str = '') {
list($sec, $usec) = explode(' ', microtime());
printf("[%.4f] Tick.%s\n", $sec + $usec, $str);
}
register_tick_function('do_tick');
// Tick once before declaring so we have a point of reference.
do_tick('--start--');
// Method 1
declare(ticks=1);
while(1) sleep(1);
/* Output:
[1234544435.7160] Tick.--start--
[1234544435.7161] Tick.
[1234544435.7162] Tick.
[1234544436.7163] Tick.
[1234544437.7166] Tick.
*/
?>
Method 2:
<?php
// Print "tick" with a timestamp and optional suffix.
function do_tick($str = '') {
list($sec, $usec) = explode(' ', microtime());
printf("[%.4f] Tick.%s\n", $sec + $usec, $str);
}
register_tick_function('do_tick');
// Tick once before declaring so we have a point of reference.
do_tick('--start--');
// Method 2
declare(ticks=1) {
while(1) sleep(1);
}
/* Output:
[1234544471.6486] Tick.--start--
[1234544472.6489] Tick.
[1234544473.6490] Tick.
[1234544474.6492] Tick.
[1234544475.6493] Tick.
*/
?>
Notice that when using {} after declare, do_tick wasn't auto-called until about 1 second after we entered the declare {} block. However when not using the {}, do_tick was auto-called not once but twice immediately after calling declare();.
I'm assuming this is due to how PHP handles ticking internally. That is, declare() without the {} seems to trigger more low-level instructions which in turn fires tick a few times (if ticks=1) in the act of declaring.
declare
Конструкцията declare се използва за установяване на изпълними директиви за блокове от код. Синтаксисът на declare е подобен на този на другите конструкции за управление на потока:
declare (directive)
statement
Разделът directive позволява да се установява поведението на declare блок. Към момента се разпознават само две директиви: директивата ticks (вж. по-долу за повече информация относно директивата ticks) и директивата encoding (вж. по-долу за повече информация относно директивата encoding).
Забележка: Директивата encoding (кодировка) беше добавена в PHP 5.3.0
Частта statement от блока declare ще бъде изпълнена - как ще се изпълни и какви странични ефекти ще настъпят по време на изпълнението може да зависи от директивата указана в блока directive.
Конструкцията declare може също да се използва и в глобален обхват, като по този начин ще се отрази на целия код, който я следва (ако файлът с declare е бил включен (included), обаче, тя не повлиява родителския файл).
<?php
// тези са равносилни:
// можете да използвате това:
declare(ticks=1) {
// целия скрипт тук
}
// или да използвате това:
declare(ticks=1);
// целия скрипт тук
?>
Туптене
Туптенето е непрепоръчително от PHP 5.3.0 и ще бъде премахнато в PHP 6.0.0.
Тупване (tick) е събитие, което се случва
на всеки N инструкции от ниско ниво,
изпълнени от синтактичния анализатор в declare блок.
Стойността на N се задава посредством
ticks=N
в рамките на directive на блока
declare.
Събитията, които се случват на всяко тупване, се задават посредством register_tick_function(). За повече подробности, вж. примера по-долу. Забележете, че за едно тупване, могат да настъпят повече от едно събития.
Example #1 Профил на част от PHP код
<?php
// Функция, която записва времето, когато е извикана
function profile($dump = FALSE)
{
static $profile;
// Връща времената, записани в профила и ги изтрива
if ($dump) {
$temp = $profile;
unset ($profile);
return $temp;
}
$profile[] = microtime ();
}
// Установяване на обработчик на туптене
register_tick_function("profile");
// Инициализиране на функцията преди деклариращия блок
profile();
// Пускане на блок от код, хвърляне на тупване на всеки втори израз
declare(ticks=2) {
for ($x = 1; $x < 50; ++$x) {
echo similar_text(md5($x), md5($x*$x)), "<br />;";
}
}
// Показване на данните, записани в профила
print_r(profile (TRUE));
?>
Туптенето е подходящо за откриване на грешки, осъществяване на проста многозадачност, фонов вход/изход и други.
Вж. също register_tick_function() и unregister_tick_function().
Кодировка
Кодировката на всеки скрипт може да бъде специфицирана посредством директивата encoding.
Example #2 Деклариране на кодировка за скрипта.
<?php
declare(encoding='ISO-8859-1');
// някакъв код тук
?>
В комбинация с пространства от имена, единственият валиден синтаксис за declare е declare(encoding='...');, където ... е кодировъчната стойност. declare(encoding='...') {} ще доведе до синтактична грешка, когато се комбинира с пространства от имена.
Кодировъчната тойност, указана от declare, се пренебрегва в PHP 5.3, освен ако PHP не е компилиран с --enable-zend-multibyte. В PHP 6.0 директивата encoding ще бъде използвана за уведомяване на синтактичния анализатор с каква кодировка е бил създаден файла. Правилните стойности са имената на кодировки, като UTF-8.
declare
13-Feb-2009 05:06
23-Aug-2008 11:50
Code evaluation script which uses debug_backtrace() to get execution time in ns, relative current line number, function, file, and calling function info on each tick, and shove it all in $script_stats array. See debug_backtrace manual to customize what info is collected.
Warning: this will exhaust allowed memory very easily, so adjust tick counter according to the size of your code. Also, array_key_exists checking on debug_backtrace arrays is removed here only to keep this example simple, but should be added to avoid a large number of resulting PHP Notice errors.
<?php
$script_stats = array();
$time = microtime(true);
function track_stats(){
global $script_stats,$time;
$trace = debug_backtrace();
$exe_time = (microtime(true) - $time) * 1000;
$func_args = implode(", ",$trace[1]["args"]);
$script_stats[] = array(
"current_time" => microtime(true),
"memory" => memory_get_usage(true),
"file" => $trace[1]["file"].': '.$trace[1]["line"],
"function" => $trace[1]["function"].'('.$func_args.')',
"called_by" => $trace[2]["function"].' in '.$trace[2]["file"].': '.$trace[2]["line"],
"ns" => $exe_time
);
$time = microtime(true);
}
declare(ticks = 1);
register_tick_function("track_stats");
// the rest of your project code
// output $script_stats into a html table or something
?>
08-Jan-2008 09:49
If you misspell the directive, you won't get any error or warning. The declare block will simply act as a nest for statements:
<?php
declare(tocks="four hundred")
{
// Has no affect on code and produces
// no error or warning.
}
?>
Tested in php 5.2.5 on XPsp2
06-Jan-2008 02:30
rosen_ivanov's solution can be replaced by a simple call to memory_get_peak_usage() if you're running at least PHP 5.2.0
28-Aug-2006 01:06
As Chris already noted, ticks doesn't make your script multi-threaded, but they are still great. I use them mainly for profiling - for example, placing the following at the very beginning of the script allows you to monitor its memory usage:
<?php
function profiler($return=false) {
static $m=0;
if ($return) return "$m bytes";
if (($mem=memory_get_usage())>$m) $m = $mem;
}
register_tick_function('profiler');
declare(ticks=1);
/*
Your code here
*/
echo profiler(true);
?>
This approach is more accurate than calling memory_get_usage only in the end of the script. It has some performance overhead though :)
30-May-2006 07:06
The scope of the declare() call if used without a block is a little unpredictable, in my experience. It appears that if placed in a method or function, it may not apply to the calls that ensue, like the following:
<?php
function a()
{
declare(ticks=2);
b();
}
function b()
{
// The declare may not apply here, sometimes.
}
?>
So, if all of a sudden the signals are getting ignored, check this. At the risk of losing the ability to make a mathematical science out of placing a number of activities at varying durations of ticks like many people have chosen to do, I've found it simple to just put this at the top of the code, and just make it global.
18-Dec-2005 08:39
as i read about ticks the first time i thought "wtf, useless crap" - but then i discovered some usefull application...
you can declare a tick-function which checks each n executions of your script whether the connection is still alive or not, very usefull for some kind of scripts to decrease serverload
<?php
function check_connection()
{ if (connection_aborted())
{ // do something here, e.g. close database connections
// (or use a shutdown function for this
exit; }
}
register_tick_function("connection");
declare (ticks=20)
{
// put your PHP-Script here
// you may increase/decrease the number of ticks
}
?>
28-Feb-2005 08:16
Also note that PHP is run in a single thread and so everything it does will be one line of code at a time. I'm not aware of any true threading support in PHP, the closest you can get is to fork.
so, declare tick doens't "multi-thread" at all, it is simply is a way to automaticaly call a function every n-lines of code.
08-Jul-2003 01:45
This is a very simple example using ticks to execute a external script to show rx/tx data from the server
<?php
function traf(){
passthru( './traf.sh' );
echo "<br />\n";
flush(); // keeps it flowing to the browser...
sleep( 1 );
}
register_tick_function( "traf" );
declare( ticks=1 ){
while( true ){} // to keep it running...
}
?>
contents of traf.sh:
# Shows TX/RX for eth0 over 1sec
#!/bin/bash
TX1=`cat /proc/net/dev | grep "eth0" | cut -d: -f2 | awk '{print $9}'`
RX1=`cat /proc/net/dev | grep "eth0" | cut -d: -f2 | awk '{print $1}'`
sleep 1
TX2=`cat /proc/net/dev | grep "eth0" | cut -d: -f2 | awk '{print $9}'`
RX2=`cat /proc/net/dev | grep "eth0" | cut -d: -f2 | awk '{print $1}'`
echo -e "TX: $[ $TX2 - $TX1 ] bytes/s \t RX: $[ $RX2 - $RX1 ] bytes/s"
#--= the end. =--
01-Feb-2003 07:56
<?php
ob_end_clean();
ob_implicit_flush(1);
function a() {
for($i=0;$i<=100000;$i++) { }
echo "function a() ";
}
function b() {
for($i=0;$i<=100000;$i++) { }
echo "function b() ";
}
register_tick_function ("a");
register_tick_function ("b");
declare (ticks=4)
{
while(true)
{
sleep(1);
echo "\n<br><b>".time()."</b><br>\n";;
}
}
?>
You will see that a() and b() are slowing down this process. They are in fact not executed every second as expected. So this function is not a real alternative for multithreading using some slow functions..there is no difference to this way: while (true) { a(); b(); sleep(1); }
08-Jan-2003 10:23
If i use ticks i must declare all functions before i call the function.
example:
Dosn't work
<?php
function ticks() {
echo "tick";
}
register_tick_function("ticks");
declare (ticks=1) 1;
echo "";
echo "";
foo(); // Call to undefined function.
function foo() {
echo "foo";
}
?>
Work
<?php
function ticks() {
echo "tick";
}
register_tick_function("ticks");
//declare (ticks=1) 1;
echo "";
echo "";
foo();
function foo() {
echo "foo";
}
?>
win2k : PHP 4.3.0 (cgi-fcgi)
19-Mar-2002 10:45
Correction to above note:
Apparently, the end brace '}' at the end of the statement causes a tick.
So using
------------
declare (ticks=1) echo "1 tick after this prints";
------------
gives the expected behavior of causing 1 tick.
Note: the tick is issued after the statement executes.
Also, after playing around with this, I found that it is not really the multi-tasking I had expected. It behaves the same as simply calling the functions. I.e. each function must finish before passing the baton to the next function. They do not run in parallel.
It also seems that they always run in the order in which they were registered.
So,
<?php
------------
# register tick functions
register_tick_function ("a");
register_tick_function ("b");
# make the tick functions run
declare (ticks=1);
?>
------------
is equivalent to
------------
a();
b();
------------
It is simply a convenient way to have functions called periodically while some other code is being executed. I.e. you could use it to periodically check the status of something and then exit the script or do something else based on the status.
19-Mar-2002 09:58
Here is an example of multi-tasking / multi-threading:
<?php
# declare functions
function a() {
echo "a";
}
function b() {
echo "b";
}
# register tick functions
register_tick_function ("a");
register_tick_function ("b");
# make the tick functions run
declare (ticks=1);
# that's all there is to it.
?>
Notes:
This will make functions a and b run once each at the same time.
If you try:
declare (ticks=1) {
1;
}
They will run twice each. That is because it seems to be an undocumented fact that there is always an extra tick.
Therefore:
declare (ticks=2) {
1;
}
Will cause them to run once.
